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VIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION-1873. 



GENERAL REGULATIONS 



KOR TFiK 



FOREIGiN EIHIBITORS AND COMMISSIONS. 



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WASHINGTON: 

G O \' E K N U K %' 'J' P R I N T I N ('^ ( ) F F I C E . 

1872. 



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VIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 18T3. 



THOMAS B. YAN BUKEX, 51 Chambers Street, New Yorl', 

CO^OnSSIONER FOR THE UNITED STATES. 



GENEKAL EEGULATIOXS 

FOR THE 

FOREIGN EXHIBITORS AND COMMISSIONS. 



L— GEXERAL DIRECTIOXS. 

1. Under tbe patronage of His Most Gracious Imperial and Eoyal 
Apostolic Majesty, and under the protectorate of His Imperial Higli- 
ness the Archduke Charles Lewis, the exhibition will take place in the 
Prater, in buildings erected specially for the purpose, and in the sur- 
rounding* park and gardens. It will be opened on the 1st of May, 1873, 
and closed on the 31st of October, of the same year. 

2. Under the presidency of His Imperial Highness the Archduke 
Eegnier, an imperial commission has been formed, for the purpose of 
representation and of discussing all general questions concerning the 
exhibition. 

3. His Majesty has intrusted the direction of the exhibition to the 
Privy Councilor, Baron de Schwarz-Senborn, as chief manager. 

4. Foreign governments are invited to appoint commissions with 
whom the chief manager will stand in direct communication upon all 
affairs concerning the exhibition. Tliese commissioners will have to 
represent the interests of their countrymen in all questions relating to 
the exhibition and do their best duly to carry out its programme. Their 
task will be more particularly to issue invitations to take part in tbe ex- 
hibition, to receive applications for space, to decide on the admission of 
objects announced, and to take charge of the forwarding, exhibiting, 
and returning of the objects of the exhibition in accordance with the 
regulations laid dow n. 

5. All communications from foreign commissions concerning the 
exhibition should be addressed : An den k. k. General-Director der 
"Weltausstellung 1873 in Wien. (Translation : To the Chief Manager of 
the Universal Exhibition, 1873, in Vienna, Austria.) 

6. A plan of the projected exhibition buildings and adjoining parks, 
showing the space allotted to each country, will be placed at the dis- 
posal of the commissions before the 15th of February, 1872. 

The commissions are invited to inform the chief manager before the 
iv 



1st of May, 1872, wbetlier their countrymen ^viIl require a larger or 
smaller space in the buildings, and, also, whether they Avish to have a 
l^art of the park adjoining their portion of the building. 

7. The definitive division of space in the exhibition buildings, park, 
and gardens, resolved upon by the chief manager, will be made known 
to the commissions by the 1st of Jul}-, ]872. 

A x^lan showing the subdivision of the exhibition (groups) must be 
sent, by the foreign commissions, to the chief manager at the latest b}^ 
the 1st of October, 1872. 

Lists of the exhibitors, as Avell as detailed plans, showing the space 
allotted, and each single object to be exhibited, must be sent in by the 
foreign commissions before the 1st of January, 1873, at the latest, so 
that the exigencies of the respective countries may be taken into ac- 
courit in organizing the interior arrangement of the exhibition build- 
ings. N 

8. The exhibitors will not have to pay the expenses of a boarded* 
floor, or of a closed ceiling, or contribute to the laying out of the ad- 
joining gardens. 

All these expenses will be paid out of the exhibition fund 5 but in re- 
turn a total sum will be paid by each foreign nation, for the whole cubic 
space allotted to it in the industrial j)alace and the machinery hall, with a 
given fixed ground floor, and calculated by the square meter, according 
to the following tariff: ^ 

Austrian 
currency. 

a. In the industrial palace, (florins) 10 

h. In the machinery hall, (florins) 4 

In the other parts of the exhibition and adjoining grounds the charges 
for hired space will be calculated by square meter, according to the fol- 
lowing tariff: 

Austrian 
currency. 

a. In the court-yards of the industrial palace, (florins) 4 

J). In the park : 

In the open air, (florins) 1 

In the spaces to be covered at the expense of the exhibitor, (florins) . 3 

Exhibitors of objects of fine art, and of those for the '•'• Exposition des 
Amateurs^''' have no charge whatever to pay for space. 

9. The chief manager will enter into communication with the railway 
and steamboat comx)anies of Austria and Hungary, in order to i^rocure 
reductions of rates for the conveyance of objects for the exhibition. 

The foreign commissions are also invited to enter into communication 
with the railway and steamboat comj)anies of their countries for the 
same purpose, and to communicate by the 1st of May, 1872, to the chief 
manager, the reductions which they have obtained. 

The chief manager will then publish all the dates concerning these 
reductions by the 1st of July, 1872. 

10. The exhibition grounds will be considered as a bonded warehouse, 
and objects which are monopolies in Austria maj also be exhibited with- 
out any hinderance. 

11. Objects exhibited can only be removed before the closing of the 
exhibition by special permission of the chief manager. 

12. Immediately after the close of the exhibition, the exhibitors must 
attend to the pacldng and removal of their goods and fittings. 



These operations must be finished b}^ tlie 31st of December, 1873. 

The goods, packages, and erections which may not have been removed 
by the exhibitors or their representatives after this term has expired, 
will be deposited, if they are of sufficient value, in warehouses, at the 
<?ost and risk of the exhibitors. 

The objects which may not have been removed out of these ware- 
houses by the 30th of June, 1874, will be sold publicly; the net proceeds 
of the sale will be employed in augmenting the collections of an insti- 
tute for promoting the instruction of small trades-people and of w^ork- 
men in Vienna. 

13. The objects exhibited will be submitted to the judgment of an in- 
ternational jury, for which special regulations will be published. 

11. An oiticial general catalogue will be i)ublished, the arrangement 
of which will be made known later on. 

In order that this catalogue may be published in time, the foreign 
commissions are requested to send the necessary dates, at the latest, on 
the 1st of January, 1873. 

15. A special locality will be provided in tlie exhibition grounds where 
exhibitors can sell publications relating to the exhibition, and to the 
objects which they exhibit, (such as illustrated catalogues, current 
prices, &c.) 

IG. Popular lectures and industrial, technical, or scientific demonstra- 
tions, will be arranged in a special lecture-hall built for that purpose. 
Nevertheless the chief manager must be informed of the lectures. 

17. Special regulations and programmes will be published for the works 
of fine art, for the exhibition of machinery, for additional and temporary 
exhibitions, for single groui)s, and special dispositions, as tasting-pavil- 
ions, cellars, &c. 

18. Each exhibitor is engaged to acknowledge and keep the regula- 
tions. 



II._ADMISSION AND CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS. 

19. Concerning the admission of goods to be exhibited, the following 
are the limitations fixed: Explosive and detonating substances, and 
sjubstances which may be considered infiammable are entirely excluded. 

Spirits or alcohols, oils, corrosive salts, highly inflammable, and other 
matters, which might spoil other objects exhibited, or annoy the public, 
will onl3^ be admitted in strong, moderate-sized barrels, adapted for this 
purpose. Also the exhibitors of such objects will always be bound to 
conform themselves to any particular regulation the chief manager may 
think proper to make. 

Percussion-caps, materials for fire-works, lucifer matches, and other 
similar objects may only be exhibited in imitation, without the addition 
of inflammable substances. 

20. Moreover the chief manager reserves to himself the right to re- 
move all goods from the exhibition buildings which may seem injurious, 
by their quantity or nature, or which may appear inconqxitible with the 
purpose and regulations of the exhibition. 

21. The consignment of each single exhibitor must be accompanied by 
a certificate of admission issued by the commission of his country. 

The detailed directions concerning the contents and form of this 
certificate will be communicated to the commissions by the chief 
manager. 



III.— rORWAEDi:N^G, EECEIVING, AND ERECTING OBJECTS. 



22. The exhibitor, or the commissions, have to defray all the expenses 
for the transport of objects to be exhibited, for the reception and open- 
ing of packages, for unpacking the objects, for removing and storing the 
empty cases, for making tables, counters, steps, boxes, for setting up 
the goods (products) in the exhibition buildings or in the park, for re- 
turning the goods, (products,) &c. 

23. The objects to be exhibited will be admitted from the 1st of Feb- 
ruary until tibe 15th of April, 1873, inclusive. 

This period may be changed by the chief manager, at a special re- 
quest, in consideration of particular circumstances, as for instance: For 
objects which would be damaged by remaining too long i^acked up, or 
for objects of great value ; but in each case everything must be pre- 
pared in advance for the exhibition of objects. 

24. Special regulations will fix the time when the materials must be 
brought into the exhibition grounds, for constructions which form ob- 
jects of the exhibition, or disconnected apparatus or engines, heavy or 
very large objects, as well as those requiring special foundations. 

25. All jjreparations for the exhibition of objects may be made in 
proportion to the completion of the buildings; but they must all be 
finished, at the latest, by the 15th of February, 1873. 

26. The commissions are invited to take care that the products of 
their country be sent to Vienna in as few single consignments as possi- 
ble. 

27. All goods intended for the exhibition are to be marked W. A., 
1873, Vienna, and addressed to the chief manager. 

The address must be securely fastened on the packages and contain 
besides the following particulars: 
a. Name or firm of the exhibitor. 
&. Country and place of residence of the same. 

c. The group to which the objects belong. 

d. Number of application. 

• e. A specification of the number of pieces of each single consignment ; 
if the exhibitor has only sent one package it will be marked No. 1, but 
if the same exhibitor has several packages to exhibit, their number 
must be marked on each package by a fraction; for instance i, f, and so 
on. The figure 6 means that 6 pieces have been sent, of which the one 
is No. 1, the other is No. 2, &c. The persons appointed to receive the 
objects will thus be enabled to know immediately after the arrival of 
the goods whether a consignment is complete, or whether a package is 
missing and which number it is. If several small packages be packed 
in one large box, only objects belonging to the same group must be put 
into this box, which must then be marked as mentioned above. 

The cases must bear the same mark inside, on the top and bottom, 
in order to prevent mistakes being made with the shifting of the differ- 
ent parts of the cases. 

/. The place where the objects are to be exhibited, i. e., industrial 
palace, park, or machinery hall. 

The addresses will be of different colors in order that the goods may 
be recognized the more easily ; and the chief manager will communicate 
in time to the appointed foreign commissions the color of the address 
of the i)ackages of their country. 



Form of address. 



W. A. 1873, Wien. 

An den I'. I'. Gene)Yd- Director der Welt-auHstellung^ 
1873, Wien. 

Ansstellnngsort : 
(z. B. Industrie-Pallast, Park oder Maschiuenballe.) 

Xamen oder Firma des Ausstellers 

Land und Wobnort 

Grapi)e 

Ordiuingszalil der An meld an g 

Brucbzabl des Collo (f oder | u. s. f.) 



[Trauslation.] 

W. A., 1873, Vienna. 
To the chief manager of the Universal Exhihition^ 1873, Vienna. 

Place of exhibition : 
(for instance: Industrial-Palace, Park or Machinery Hall.) 

Xaiiie or firm of tbe exbibitor 

Country and pbice of residence 

Group 

dumber of application for admission * 

Number of package, (f or f , and so on) 

A Mst of tbe contents of eacb single package must be placed inside 
tbe package, in order tbat tbe objects may be i)ut tbe more easily in 
tbeir rigbt i)lace, and to facilitate tbe manipulation of tbe custom- 
bouse. 

28. Tbe commissions or tbe exbibitors tbemselves or tbeir agents are 
responsible for tbe forwarding, receiving, and unpacking tbe packages, 
and tbe proper delivery of tbeir contents ; and afterwai-xl for tbe arrange- 
ment, surveyance, and returning tbe objects exbibited ; only sucb agents 
will be admitted wbo bave proved to tbe cbief manager tbat tbey are 
the autborized agents of tbe foreign commissions. 

29. If tbe person wbo bas to receive tbe goods is not present at tbe 
exbibition wben tbey arrive, tbey will be at once stored up at tbe cost 
and risk of tbe respective commissions. 

30. Tbe motive power for engines and macbiuery will be placed gratis 
at tbe disposal of tbe exbibitors. 

Tbe necessary force of motion is transmitted by a borizontal revolv- 
ing sbaft, tbe position, diameter, and number of revolutions per minute 
of v.'bicb will be i^ublisbed in time by tbe cbief manager. 

Tbe exbibitors must furnisb all tbe pulleys for tbis principal trans- 
mission, as well as tbe gearing necessary, togetber witb tbe cross-sbafts, 
l^uUe^'s, and straps. 

A special regulation will be publisbed for tbe macbiuery department. 

31. Tbe cbief manager will, if desired, give tbe name of contractors 



6 

who haA^e applied to him for the execution of the arrangeineuts of the 
exhibition ; yet tlie chief manager will take upon himself no responsi- 
bility for their performances ; tlie exhibitors have, nevertheless, the 
right to choose their own contractors and workmen. 

32. Packages or empty cases cannot be deposited upon the space 
necessary for circuhition. The packages must be unpacked directly 
after their arrival, and the packing-cases and materials must be removed 
at once. 

33. Between the 15th February and the 25th A^ml, 1873, the objects 
already lying on the exhibition grounds, and un^^acked, must be put in 
order and arranged. 

In order to have the objects equally apportioned in the spaces of the 
exhibition, the chief manager reserves to himself the right, on the 25th 
of April, 1873, to disx)ose of those places which do not contain sufQcient 
objects. 

The days from the 26th to the 29th April will be emi)loyed in cleaning 
the localities and in inspecting the whole exhibition. 

34. There will be published si)ecial regulations for the arrangement 
and erection of those products and objects which will be exhibitecl in 
the park. 

Eoads of communication and earthworks may only be constructed 
and made according to the plans arranged between the chief manager 
and the foreign commissions. 

IV.— ADMINISTEATION A^D SUPERINTENDENCE. 

35. The objects will be exhibited under the name of the manufacturer. 
If the manufacturer agrees to it, they may also be exhibited under the 
name of the business man who has them in warehouse. 

3G. The exhibitors are invited to add to their name or firm, also, the 
name of those persons who have taken a notable part in the production 
of an object, either as inventors, draughtsmen, or modelers. 

37. The exhibitors are also invited to quote the price in cash and 
place of sale on the objects exhibited. 

' 38. The chief manager has taken the necessary steps that the objects 
exhibited may, from the time of their arrival on the exhibition grounds 
until taken away, (vide No. 12 of these regulations,) enjoy the benefit 
of the laws existing in Austria for the protection against piracy of 
inventions and designs; for instance, of the patent and registration 
law. Detailed regulations will be published. 

Keproductions (designs, photographs, &c.) of objects exhibited are 
only allowed if the exhibitor and the chief manager consent to it. 

39. It is left to the exhibitors to insure the objects exhibited against 
damage by fire at their own expense. 

40. The chief manager will make provision for preserving from damage 
the products exhibited as far as possible; he will also appoint persons 
to take care of the objects. Nevertheless the chief manager will take 
upon himself no responsibility for damage of any kind whatever. 

41. Each exhibitor will receive a ticket, entitling him to free admittance. 
Any agent, duly appointed by the exhibitor, will also receive a ticket,. 

entitling him to free admittance. 

An agent representing more than one exhibitor can only obtain one 
ticket. 

The arrangements concerning the distribution and the control of 
tickets will be published later on. 



42. A special regulation will be published for the arraugement of the 
interior service. 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, January 27, 1872. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

AECHDUKE RlilGNIEE. 

The Chief Manager : 

BARO]S' DE SCHWARZ-SENBORK 



SPECIAL PEOGEAMME. 

(Group 21.) 

NATIONAL DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 



Among the objects which excited an extraordinary and sur^^rising in- 
terest among the amateurs at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, were par- 
ticularly those which, to include them all in one denomination, we will 
call "products of national domestic industr3\" 

There were firstly all kinds of pottery, glazed and unglazed, fabrics 
and lace-work, particularly those belonging to national costumes, but 
also carpets, table-cloths, counterpanes, and similar objects for home 
use, and moreover ornaments, and all sorts of utensils. 

These objects did not only offer an ethnographical interest, as peculiar 
and characteristic products of such and such nationalities, but the visit- 
ors also found very old elements of design in them, some of which dated 
from the most ancient times and which recalled to mind periods of art 
and styles which have long ago disappeared, and which were, therefore, 
very important from the historical point of view. 

They found them to abound in original and very beautiful forms, 
technical methods lost to modern art, numerous ornaments and methods 
of decorating in color, w^hich captivated the eye as much by their cor- 
rectness as by their simplicity and originality. If those objects 
charmed the amateur, and were sold rapidly because of those qualities, 
it must have occurred to the friends of modern industrial art that there 
was in them an abundant source of elements of designs, principles and 
processes of art, which must influence modern taste and its i^roducts by 
completing, vivifying, and refreshing them. ' 

In fact no one can deny that those objects have already furnished 
many designs to modern industrial art, although most people in 18G7 
considered them as rarities of ethnography or costume. In spite of 
their imi^ortance, which was made mq^nifest by the rapidity with which 
amateurs and museums in the year 18G7, at Paris, hastened to collect 
those objects, exhibitions of them have always been onesided, insuffi- 
cient, and incomplete, and have never been organized from the artistic 
or utilitarian point of view. 

At the Paris Exhibition of 18(37, which was one of the richest in that 
respect, the ethnographical point of view predominated, for which 
reason most of those objects Avere mounted on lay figures. They were 
also scattered among different countries and nations and modern works, 
so that they could not be easily noticed. The collection w^as also very 
incomplete. 

At the London Exhibition of 1871 they had not been forgotten, but 
in consequence of the nature of this exhibition only pottery and wool 



8 

fabrics were exhibited, but even in these two branches they were very 
poorly represented, especially the woven articles. 

For these reasons an exhibition of products of national domestic in- 
dustry could only be quite new and interesting in a universal exhibi- 
tion, if it were organized as completely as possible, for a fixed purpose, 
and from the right point of view. 

We will first determine these points of view, and then point out the 
groups and x)laces where national domestic industry is generally prac- 
ticed. 

We have called the species of objects which were to be exhibited in 
this group products of national domestic industry ; still this expression 
does not exhaust all that we wish may be seen at this exhibition. It is 
true that most of the objects of this sort are manufactured at home by 
the people for their own use, and for these objects the expression we 
have chosen is a sufficient one. But there are many other objects 
which, if not produced in manufactories, are made by skilled workmen 
for the same purpose, and these will also find a x^lace in our exhibition 
so long as they are original in shai^e or manufacture, and so long as 
they are hereditary and peculiar to those who make them or to those 
who wear them. 

Let us take, for instance, the original ornaments of the women inhab- 
iting the Dutch provinces, which technically and artistically differ 
altogether from the modern fashionable shapes, but which can be bought 
in jewelers' shops at Utrecht and other places, while you must seek 
the similar Swedish ornaments in the villages and houses of those who 
make them. 

After having extended the notion contained in the expression '' na- 
"tional domestic industry," we must again restrict it for the purpose of 
our exhibition. 

The intention is not to expose in this exhibition everything, even the 
most common objects, (and there are of course many in the production 
of the people,) but only those which have a more wide-spread interest. 
This interest can of course only be artistic interest, be it modern artistic 
interest, that is, the interest which might be taken in those objects, 
considering the use that may be made of them for modern artistic in- 
dustry, or artistic historical interest. Thus many exceptions will have 
to be made, but a great deal will still remain, and this limitation Avill 
only increase the charm and attractive power of this exhibition. 

It is true that this point of view of the artistic interest which is to 
govern the choice makes it necessary to have the assistance of con- 
noisseurs^ who would collect in the respective countries all that is 
necessary, and decide between all the objects which maybe put at their 
disposal. 

They alone can find out what maybe interesting, even among things 
of no great value, aud they alone can recognize what is good, beautiful, 
and useful in common things. 

As to the sort of objects which will be exhibited in this group, they 
would be — 

1. Pottery. 

2. Textile fabrics and needle- work. 

3. Metal ornaments. 

4. Carved work and different utensils. 

Austro-Hungaria will furnish a very interestiug collection of potteries, 
if a practical man makes the choice and takes into consideration old 
reminiscences in shape and fashion. It is sufficient to call to mind the 
red, black, and yellow jugs, and those ornamented in red, as well as 



9 

the vessels glazed in different nmniiers of the countries bordering- on 
the river Theiss, of the Sontb Danube, of Dalniatia, &g. 

The glazed and unglazed vessels, and those ornamented with gold 
which Turkey produces, and of wbicb there are a good many in the 
Austrian museum of fine arts applied to industry in Vienim, are not less 
interesting. Greece, the Greek islands, (let us tbink of the Khodiau or 
Persian fayences.) Eonmania, Asia-Minor, Persia, deserve just as much 
attention. Egypt may send its sipall utensils of red and black clay. 
The other parts of jS^orth Africa, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco, would 
also furnish a very important contingent. There Ave find the white- 
glazed vessels with blue ornaments, which are often remarkably fine, 
and can be taken as models of their kind. 

There are besides vessels of different colors with red marks, and also 
those of fine red-brown clay, of old Saracen shape, which are also found 
in Sicily. 

In Portugal and in Spain we find the same sort of red x>ottery, with 
engraved ornaments of original shape ; and with these the cooling- ves- 
sels of yellow- white clay, not very durable but very artistically made. 
In Spain the people used glazed vessels, which might be called Spanish 
majolicas. 

Let us recollect also the most original vessels of the Basque provinces 
and of the Pyrenees. 

Italy has got numberless vessels used by the people, and of very dif- 
ferent kinds. The Austrian museum of fine arts applied to industry, in 
Vienna, has got a very beautiful collection of them, picked ux) in dilter- 
ent provinces, and full of recollections of the old porcelain fabrication, 
and of the majolicas of the sixteenth century. 

Germany can also send rich contributions to this special exhibition. 
The best proof of it is the German museum of fine arts applied to in- 
dustry, in Berlin, which has already begun to make a collection, in which 
able men have separated those things which are really old, remarkable, 
and peculiar to the people, from those which are only used daily at 
home and in the kitchen, without having anj technical importance or 
any particular shape. 

Kussia, and the other northern countries, will also bring their share, 
as well as the south of France, and some Dutch provinces. 

Countries of other parts of the world are also interesting. Think, for 
instance, of Brazil, Mexico, Peru. Even the common potteries of the 
savages can be considered from interesting x)oints of view, historically, 
for instance, because they serve to throw light on the origin of the 
l^eople. 

The exhibition of objects of the second division, woven fabrics and 
embroideries, will not be less plentiful and original. Many popular 
costumes could contribute to it. Concerning Austria, let us think only 
of the costumes of the southern Danubian provinces, of Dalmatia, &c., 
with their beautiful embroideries of gold and silver, besides the contin- 
gent which the other countries of Austro-Hungaria might furnish. It 
is the same thing with Eoumania, Turkey, Greece, Albania, &c. 

Here we find besides costumes, carpets from all these countries, as 
well as linen covers, embroidered with very old and peculiar patterns. 

Italy, for instance, can exhibit the striped head-cloths of the women, 
and many peculiar embroideries. Spain possesses a rich collection. 

Think, for instance, of the colored striped rugs, which the men wear 
as mantles to shelter themselves from the influence of the weather. 
Scotland can send its plaids, of course only those which are still worn 
by the several clans, and are peculiar to them. 



10 

Sweden and Norway can furnish a very rich collection. Here are 
provinces like Dalekariia, where each coininune has its own pattern for 
certnin parts of the dresses of the women. Other provinces, like ydionen 
and Holland manufacture lineii cloths ornamented in a very interesting 
manner, all made in and for the houses of the peasantry. Industry and 
commerce take iio notice of them. Elsewhere are to be found woolen 
fabrics, jackets and stockings with colored patterns, which seem to be- 
long to the most ancient times of the history- of civilization. 

There we have covers with raised embroideries, and the woven galloon- 
lace of the female costume, with patterns of the Middle Ages. In fact, 
Scandinavia alone can furnish a plentiful, very interesting, and instruc- 
tive collection. 

A Eussian collection cannot be less rich and interesting ; a work of a 
collection of ornaments, which has just been published in Eussia, as 
well as the richness of the ethnographical exhibition, which took place 
a few years ago at Moscow, allow us to expect as much. 

The third division, comx)rising ornaments, is scarceh' less important; 
it presents also great interest, even for modern industry. Let us take 
as an example the goldsmith Castellaui, at Eome, who for many years 
could not succeed in manufacturing filigree as fine as the ancient fili- 
gree till he took Y»orkmen from a small village in the mountain, who, up 
to that time, had only made ornaments for the people. These Italian 
ornaments, ditierent in each district and original in their forms, will fur- 
nish the most imi)ortant contingent to this group. 

It is sufticient as a proof of this to refer to the wonderful collection of 
the South Kensington Museum in London. 

After Italy, Holland will furnish the most interesting selection of 
popular female ornaments in gold and silver, manufactured by skilled 
workmen. They are nevertheless remarkable in form, ornamentation, 
and use. 

The northern countries will also have many objects to expose. For 
instance, the Swedish provinces, Norway, with its often beautiful filigree- 
work, and the Schleswig isles with the same sort of products. The col- 
lection will also be very rich in the Danubian provinces, and in the 
countries of Turkey, and then from Egypt as far up as Soudan, where 
filigree, which has been forgotten by modern arts, is still manufactured 
and employed. In Eussia, and in many other countries of Europe also, 
an examination of the ornaments of popular costumes would not be 
without profit for our purpose. 

In the fourth division, containing difierent utensils, may be especially' 
mentioned — 

Basket-work and straw tresses, (of which European nations would 
not furnish the greater part.) mats and twisted covers, and specially 
ornamented and peculiarl^^ manufactured furniture, some of which are 
found in houses of the lower classes in manv countries. 

Many of those objects have not been exhibited because they were con- 
sidered of no importance. But there is no doubt that artists and ama- 
teurs would api)reciate them, and profit more by them than by the so-called 
l)easant's chairs of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which are 
nowadays so souglit after by collectors. China, Japan, and India would 
certainly take an important place in this exhibition if national i>ecu- 
liarities alone were taken into consideration. But the artistic industry 
of those countries is not a popular industry in the same sense as that 
which has just been spoken of. It is, on the contrary, very civilized, and 
mostly, particularly in India, for the wealthy classes. 

It is, therefore, of the same kiiid as our modern Industrie de luxe^ 



11 

which, as is well known, it surpasses in many respects, as well techni- 
cally as artistically. The industry of those countries, from which we 
would particularly wish to have the jireatest possible contingent, is- 
therefore onl}' to be dealt with as with that of civilized European 
countries, i. e., quite independently. We can, therefore, only take from 
that industry, for the exhibition we are now speaking of, those things 
which are intended for the use of the lower classes. 

Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE KEGNIER. 
The Chief Manager : 

BAEON DE SCHWAEZ SENBORX. 



SPECIAL rROGRA:\IME. 

(GEOur 19.) 

THE PRIVATE DWELLL\G-HOL SE : ITS INNER ARRANGEMENT^ 

AND DECORATION. 

This group has been destined to help to solve one of the most im- 
portant questions of social science of the day. 

The aim here is not to exhibit a collection of ethnographical objects, 
neither is it to show how most of the private dwelling-houses are built 
and arranged in different countries. 

The object is to show how the pri\ate dwelling-house can and ought 
te be built in order best to fulfill its purx)ose, taking into consideration 
the climate and local circumstances, and mode of life of the different 
l)eoples, as well as their wants and habits. 

In most nations the private dwelling-house has undergone no im- 
provement. The changes in our social life, the means of communication 
of our age, and, above all, the increased value of land, have rendered 
almost impossible, even in smaller towns, the existence of the old private 
dwelling-house. The principal characteristics of the dwelling-house of 
former times were the wasting of space and materials, and a quite 
arbitrary form and arrangement ; still its good qualities make us regret 
its disappearance. 

Under the influence of the elements which govern modern communi- 
cations, we see the plague of houses let in flats to more than one family 
increase ever more and more. The unfortunately unavoidable conse- 
quences of the living of many in a small space, and of the thus loosened 
family life, manifest themselves in the injury of health and morality. It 
is for that reason that we see everywhere endeavors made to restore 
again the old family house, but arranged to suit the requirements of 
modern life. 

The exhibition will enable the architects of all civilized nations to 
exhibit the private dwelling-houses which suit best the climate and 
habits of their country; and will enable the visitors who give their 
attention to this problem to make instructive comparisons and to 
adopt that which might be suited even to other countries and other 
customs. 

The construction of the house will not alone be taken into con- 
sideration at this exhibition, it will also be completely furnished. 

This furnishing of the house, so as to make it comfortable to live in,, 
will be doublv useful. 



12 

The reason why previous international exhibitions did not develop 
the use of inventions, improvements, and arrangements intended for the 
dwelling-house as much as was desirable, is, because these objects were 
-exhibited each for itself, according to the materials they were made of 
or the mode of manufacture, but not Avitli a view to their proper combi- 
nation and application ; whereas our group in 1873 will show the rooms, 
the kitchen, the cellars, &c., with all the requirements of private house- 
keeping, and all most approved arrangements as a whole and ready for 
immediate use, and thus present to the visitor an arrangement which 
cannot bj^ any other means be exhibited in so complete or clear a 
manner, and which the imagination cannot represent to itself. 

Besides, this special exhibition will enable a co-operation of artisans 
to show what they can do. 

Those branches of industry which have to do with the decoration of 
the interior of houses, could hitherto only furnish rooms, which the 
greater number of visitors considered as not belonging to the exhibition, 
•or, in consequence of the crowding together of objects of the same kind, 
could not expect their work to be appreciated by others than by men of 
the same branch. Here, on the contrary", the joiner and the cabinet- 
maker, the upholsterer, the house-painter, the potter, &c., will all be 
allowed to appear side by side, and enabled not only to show their 
technical skill, but also, thanks to the working together, to show their 
taste in a higher degree. 

Whoever thinks that the comfort of a house consists not only in its 
being suitable for its purpose, but also in its being beautiful and 
^enerall}^ harmonious, will confess that this working together is desira- 
ble as well for the public as for the artisan. 

The dwelling house will show, according to the requirements of the 
management of a private house in the different countries — 

1. An arrangement of space which, in economizing the ground as 
much as possible, will procure the greatest comfort in the disposition, 
the grouping and connection of the dwelling, working, house-keeping, 
and sitting rooms. 

2. A solution of the question of architectural decoration and arrange- 
ment, taking equally into account both taste and comfort. 

3. Arrangements for heating, lighting, ventilation, &c.. on which the 
comfort of the house, the health of the inhabitants, and economy in 
their disposition and maintenance are dependent. 

4. The comx:)lete arrangement of the kitchen, the larder, the cellar, the 
bathing and washing rooms, laundries, and of other parts of a house 
necessary for comfort and cleanliness. 

5. The capabilities of the skilled trades in the exhibiting countries 
in building, arranging, and furnishing in such a manner that taste and 
moderate cost are equally brought out. Although, as we already said, 
the exigencies and customs of the middle classes are to rule the con- 
struction, the architectural disposition, and the inner arrangement, 
still a more costly arrangement of a few rooms, such as reception and 
drawing rooms, is not, by any means, excluded; on the contrary, art, 
applied to industry and fine art itself, will be enabled to appear con- 
spicuously in this division. 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, October 1, 1871. ^ 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

AECHDUKE EEGXIER. 

The Chief Manager : 

BAEOX DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



o 



SPECIAL PROGRAMME. 

(Group 20.) 

THE FARM-HOUSE: ITS ARRANGEMENTS, FURNITURE, ANI> 

UTENSILS. 

Kot all the classes of society are equally reached by progress, and 
the assertion so often made that the peasantry stick to their customs, 
proves that the condition of small cultivators generally remains behind 
the progress of the other classes of society. This is due far less to their 
inferior intellectual capacity than to certain external circumstances,, 
such as the scattered disposition of their dwellings, a circumstance which 
has thwarted so many attemi)ts to promote progress among the peas- 
antry. 

So powerful an instrument of civilization and of the welfare of nations, 
as the exhibition doubtless is must therefore be made use of for act- 
ing on the peasantry and their progress. 

This seems all the more necessary, for, as was proved by former in- 
ternational exhibitions, the class of small farmers and agricultural 
laborers, in spite of manifold facilities given to them by cheap means of 
communication, form a comparatively small number among the visitors 
to exhibitions. This is indeed not to be wondered at, since universal 
exhibitions have always contained more objects of attraction for the 
other classes of society than for the peasantry. 

Large collective exhibitions of products and machinery relating ta 
agriculture and forestry very often overpower them more than they 
excite their attention. It ^^as this circumstance which made it neces- 
sary to confer on the exhibition of 1873 a charm especially intended to 
attract the peasantry and to arouse their special interest. 

This may be considered as one of the reasons for introducing into the 
exhibition of 1873, group 20 — 

" The farm-house : its arrangements, furniture, and utensils." 

But there are also objective reasons which may be advanced in sup- 
port of the creation of this group, such as the frequently unsuitable 
construction of farm-houses, their inconvenient distribution and uncom- 
fortable arr an gem en t. 

Imi^rovement is checked not always by reason of the exi)ense, but 
rather by reason of thoughtlessness and ignorance of what is better. 
The small farmer and agricultural laborer very often builds his house 
himself witli the help of his neighbors, and furnishes it himself,- yet in 
many cases he might have obtained, with the same hands and means, 
a far more healthy and convenient dwelling, as well as more manage- 
able furniture, if his attention had been directed to it, and if he had had 
practical examples before his eyes. 

The Universal Exhibition of 1873 will answer such apuri)ose, and also 
afford the best opportunity of displaying such practical examples and 
models. It is scarcely to be doubted that this part of the exhibition 
will call the attention of the peasantry to their own interests. 

These considerations will show that the question is not to exhibit, in 
models or in nature, imaginary farm-houses furnished with the newest 
inventions of unpractical patentees; far from this. There will only be 
exhibited that which experience has proved to be useful, and which has 



14 

been tested in different countries, and found to be really good and con- 
venient. 

To take an example from among a great many we will mention the 
floor of a farm-house. AYliat a difference there is between the unhealthy 
damp layer of clay which is to be found in some farm-houses, and which 
resembles a hilly country in miniature rather than a floor, and the 
Avater-tight, dry, and clean surface which in another country is ob- 
tained with nearly the same materials, but with the addition of some 
other constituents. A similar circumstance is to be noted relating to 
the contrivances for closing the openings. Windows, doors, and locks 
of doors are produced nowadaj's in factories at prices which may be 
considered very cheap in comparison with those of former times. But 
while the purveyance of the same was formerly limited to a small cir- 
cle, the present state of the means of conveyance allows, in most cases, 
even the inhabitants of villages to prefer what is solid and elegant to 
what is uncouth, and for all that not cheaper. 

We find in Sweden up to this day farm-houses with leather hangings, 
old remains of a custom which was general in that country. The Uni- 
versal Exhibition of 1873 does not take npon itself the task of i>ropagat- 
ing exotics of this kind 5 but it will act improving in so many other 
directions. For instance, the gloomy layer of clay mixed with soot 
which we find in so many farm-houses may, under all circumstances, be 
replaced by something better. ]S^or is the iron-clad motley-colored 
shrine, with its forged knap-lock, to be considered as an ideal of a con- 
venient chest. And how long will the actual stock of wood allow the 
peasantry the waste of fuel to which open tire-places and gigantic stoves 
drive them ? 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the lm])erial Commission : 

AECHDUKE EfiGXIER. 

The Chief Manager : 

BAEOX DE SCIIWAEZ-SEXBORN. 



SPECIAL PPvOGEAMME 

FOR THE 

EXHIBITION OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS AND THEIR PRO- 
DUCTS. 

(Additioual exhibition^ Xo. 4.) I 

The consumption of soap and paper, the quantity of letters exchanged, 
the extension of public libraries, and the use made of them, &c., are 
often taken as a measure of the actual degree of civilization of a nation. 

An extensive and retined nse made of the waste materials of industry 
and house-keeping might be considered v\-ith equal right as the measure 
of the degree of industrial development and capability. It would also 
scarcely be possible to find in the trades and in economy of agriculture 
an instance which shows to the same extent the really creative force 



/ 



15 

of science and tbe characteristic tendency of a nation to economize so 
well as its endeavor to keep, like natnre, all within the circle of repro- 
duction. 

Side by side with the increase and growth of wants we see the quan- 
iity of useful material augment in a twofold manner. This is accom- 
plished partly by making use of substances formerly useless, because 
their qualities were unknown ; but still more by the use made of sub- 
stances which, formerly considered as used up, appeared to be- of no 
value, and were often incommodious, and in many cases troublesome. 

In order to prove only by a few actual cases the assertion last made, 
that tbe use of waste materials increases, and that thus difficulties are 
removed, and that the wealth of the nation at the same time increases, 
it is only necessary to take, for an example, the quantities of waste ma- 
terials of soda factories, which were formerly a real nuisance. Nowa- 
days a great part of the sulphur contained in them is extracted, and the 
remainder, containing chalk and gypsum, is employed as valuable ma- 
terial for agriculture. 

The acid manganese solutions of chloride of lime factories have be- 
come restored to use by means of an ingenious chemical process. 

The scorite of metals produced by blast-furnaces is used nowadays in 
^lass-making, and becomes^ by a simple physical process called basalt- 
ing, a substance useful in the construction of buildings and streets. 
Coal and wood tar play in our time an important part. It is sufficient 
to call to mind the Ijeautiful aniline colors, without speaking of a host 
of substances which have become useful, like benzine, paraffine, creo- 
sote, carbolic acid, pyrocatechin acid, &c. 

Injurious and even i)oison gases, which escape during the process of 
smelting — sulphuric acid, arsenic, zinc vapors, &c. — have not only been 
rendered innocuous by contrivances to condense and absorb them, but 
have even been rendered very useful. 

Cotton-seed, which was formerly utterly useless, acquired an increased 
importance from the moment when the means of making oil from it was 
discovered. So also with soap-lees from laundries, for we now know 
how to obtain fat acids from them. 

Before the International Exhibition of London, in the year 1851, the 
glycerine in the factories of stearine acid and candle manufactures, and 
; the ammonia in coal-gas, were lost altogether ; since then they have 
■both become important objects of manufacture. 

Woolen rags, which were formerly only used for the production of 
Prussian blue and inferior paper, but which were, for the most part, 
thrown on the waste-heap, have now become raw materials, just as well 
;is silk and cotton refuse, for textile industry, and thus render very re- 
spectable clotliing material accessible even to i^ersons of very moderate 
means. 

The distillers' wash, j)roduced in molasses distilleries, and which was 
formerly thrown away, has become just as useful for the reproduction 
of potash which is obtained from it, and which forms the base of so 
many valuable alkaline salts ; blood became useful for the production of 
albumen; cork-refuse for the manufacture of floor-cloths ; old horseshoe 
nails and other scrap-iron for the fabrication of the soft and malleable 
iron for English fowling-i^ieces ; and so on with saw-dust and leather- 
refuse, &c. 

How enlarged we find the amount of the useful material and the 
means of satisfying our requirements, by a retrospective view of the 
last ten or twenty years only ! It suffices to single out from the host of 



\ 



16 

substances, the value of wliicli lias been tbus increased, one more much- 
despised material, viz, human excrements. 

Without contradiction these are considered as some of the most dis- 
^isting^ wastes ; nevertheless, China and Japan mainly owe their flour- 
ishing agriculture to the extensive use made of them; and one of the. 
greatest chemists of our time. Baron Liebig, has acknowledged that 
they contain ihe means of restoring to the soil of Europe its power of 
production — a power which will soon be exhausted otherwise. 

Considering this, is it not to be called one of the greatest absurdities 
to spend millions in getting rid of a substance which would, if we made 
proper use of it, make us, l3y several milliards, richer '? 

Who can deny that the increasing use of wastes, and the development 
thus made of new and abundant resources, and the thus facilitated re- 
moval of so much which annoyed us, proves beyond all doubt the great 
influence which science exercises upon life, and obliges even a superfi- 
cial observer to remark the gradual development of intelligence and 
prosperity? Who can deny that, when one observes the use made of 
waste material, during a certain given space of time, a new picture of 
civilization unfolds itself ? 

It might, therefore, in consideration of this, appear worth while mak- 
ing the trial, and worthy of the assistance of men of science, as well as 
of men of industry, to forni in the frame of the universal exhibition of 
1873 a representation of the reclaim of articles of commerce from refuse^ 

In order to define limits to this special exhibition, the value of which 
lies in its instructive importance, it is, firstly, necessary to give, as ex- 
actly as j)ossible, the meaning of the word " waste." 

The manufacturer considers as wastes those remains of the used raw 
and auxiliary substances after he has obtained the principal and sec- 
ondary products, and which, at the time, have little or no value in com- 
parison with that wliich has been produced. 

But still the whole meaning of the term "waste," and, at the same 
time, the circle of that which is to be received here, is still to be ex- 
tended, so far as to include all that remains over after anything has- 
been made use of, and which economy considers as of no further use. 

1. The objects which, according to this definition, are to be consid- 
ered as wastes, form the nucleus of this exhibition. 

2. Concerning the period of discovery which this exhibition is to ex- 
tend over, it agrees with the regulations made for other groups and 
other special exhibitions, and dates back from the year 1851. 

3. According to the system of classification of our great exhibition^ 
there Avill be exhibited in this special exhibition — 

On the one hand, the wastes which are to be found in every industrial 
group ; on the other hand, the products which have been obtained from 
these wastes since the year 1851, either as quite new products, or only 
old ones im^^roved or cheapened. 

4. One number of this exhibition must comprise all intermediate pro- 
ducts between the wastes themselves and the manufactured market- 
goods. 

5. The exhibition will be formed as much as possible of the original 
objects themselves ; only when this is not possible or seems inadmissi- 
ble will graphic data replace them. 

To the objects of this exhibition are to be affixed price quotations^ 
statistical statements of production, the name of the man to whom the 
realization of the value, or the greater profit made out of the wastes, is 
due, as well as all other statements relating to the history of the pro- 
duct reclaimed from them ; finally, it is desirable that models should be 



17 

exhibited, or that the machines exhibited in the general exhibition, by 
the use of which this increase of value has been obtained, should be in- 
dicated. 
Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE REGNIER. 

The General Manager : 

BAROy DE SCHWARZ SENBORN. 

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